FEVICOL
Fevicol branded glue is a white adhesive (the company brochures mention poly-synthetic resin). It appears as a white viscous paste. The company makes several variants of the product designed for attributes like bonding strength, Impact resistance, time to set, sagging, shrinkage, versatility, fire resistance, shock and vibration resistance, Non-staining etc.
"Fevicol MR" is used for bonding paper, cardboard, thermocol, fabrics, wood, and plywood.
"Fevicol SH" is a synthetic resin adhesive intended for wood working and various materials where one of the surfaces to be bonded is porous. SH strongly binds wood, plywood, laminate, veneers, MDF and all types of boards and cork; it is also employed in the manufacture of sporting goods and book binding. SH achieves handling strength in 8 to 10 hours, fully curing in 24.
Fevicol is used in a generic sense by consumers in India to mean white glue. Fevicol, the largest selling brand of adhesives in India, has added another feather in its cap with the roll out of ‘Fevicol SH Xtra’. Fevicol SH Xtra is an improved, new generation variant of Fevicol SH, the flagship brand under Pidilite industries. Fevicol SH Xtra will be launched in Hyderabad initially, followed by country wide launch in phased manner.
ELECTRICAL CABLES
Sterlite Technologies Ltd. – The Company is among pioneering Indian manufacturer of telecommunications cables, optical fibers, and power transmission conductors to overseas markets in South East Asia, China and Europe. Sterlite Technologies Ltd. is listed on the National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange of India, and is the country’s only fully integrated optical fiber manufacturer and one of the biggest suppliers of the same to the similar domains. In fact the company has been awarded with the ‘Top Telecom Cables Company’ in the country for about four times in last five years in accord to the annual V&D 100 survey.
Finolex Cables Ltd. – Based in Mumbai, India, Finolex Cables Ltd. is among top Indian manufacturer of telecommunications and electrical cables. Established in 1958, the company also produces PVC sheets for signage, roofing and interiors. The company’s wide product range is extensively used for transmission of voice, electrical usage, images and data for commercial, domestic and electrical products and industrial applications. The major products range of the group include CFL, PVC foam sheets, PVC insulated electrical cables, winding wires, co-axial cables, PVC rigid sheets, electrical switches and lot more.
Havells India Ltd. – Established in 1958, Havells India Limited is a prominent billion dollar electrical equipment manufacturer and provider backed with products varying from cables, wires, fans, motors, domestic and industrial circuit protection switchgear, CFLs, power capacitors, modular switches, luminaries for domestic, commercial and industrial applications, domestic appliances, and water heater. The company has its own 12 manufacturing plants located across the country and 6 manufacturing plants worldwide. Backed with more than 20,000 global distribution networks, it was listed at 125# among India’s most trusted and reputed brands as per the Brand Trust Report 2014.
RR Kabel – The Company is among the top most cable and wire manufacturers of India. Being an important part of the Ram Ratna Group, the group has a well known and reputed name in the electrical industry, known for quality products, innovation and services ranked as the biggest manufacturer of wires and cables, electrical consumer durables related products and multilevel car parking systems. All the products adhere as per international standards accepted and reckoned in about 73 countries worldwide with more from America and Europe.
Diamond Power Infrastructure Ltd. – The Company is an integrated and well renowned maker of turnkey services provider and power transmission equipment. Diamond Power Infrastructure Ltd. manufactures and provides high quality conductors, cables and transformers. Along with a major focus on serving integrated transmission solutions and turnkey power distribution services, it has its own in-house manufacturing facilities for transmission towers, cables, transformers and conductors, engaged in designing, planning and commissioning of distribution and turnkey transmission projects.
KEI Industries Ltd – The Company is a preeminent Indian manufacturer of wires, cables and other power sectors. At present, the market capitalization of the company is about Rs. 1795 Crore. Established in 1968, the company is cables and wires manufacturing specialist across the country that proffer a wide range of speciality cables, zero halogen cables, fire survival cables and braided cables. The huge product range of the group covers HT cables, EHV cables, LT cables, instrumentation cables, control cables, rubber cables, house wires, winding wires, marine and offshore cables, stainless steel wires, single and multi core flexible wires and more.
Cords Cable Industries is counted among the top 10 cable companies in India that was started in 1987. The maximum part of company income came from the domestic market and also exports the products in 20 countries across the globe.
Apar Industries Ltd. (Unit: Uniflex Cables) was started in 1981 and has manufactures control cables, aerial bunched cables, instrumentation screened cables, copper flexible single and multicore cables, fire survival wires & cables, elastomeric (rubber) cables. Company has annual turnover of Rs 350 crore and has excellent team of professionals.
V-Guard Industries Ltd was established in 1977 and has annual turnover Rs 1000 crore. Company product range includes wiring cables with HFT technology. It has strong network that includes 9,500 retailers, 208 distributors and 353 service canters.
FROSTED GLASS
Frosted glass is produced by the sandblasting or acid etching of clear sheet glass. It has the effect of rendering the glass translucent by scattering of light during transmission, thus blurring images while still transmitting light.
Applications:
To obtain visual privacy while admitting light.
Decorative patterns may be imposed upon otherwise plain glass by using wax or other resist to retain transparent areas.
Frosted glass in light bulbs is used for evenly distributing the light from the bulb's filament across its surface area.
To distribute light uniformly in a photographic contact printer.
To create an airtight seal in tubes.
The frosted glass effect can also be achieved by the application of vinyl film, used as a sort of stencil on the glass surface. "Photo-resist", or photo-resistant film is also available, which can be produced to mask off the area surrounding a decorative design, or logo on the glass surface. A similar effect may also be accomplished with the use of canned frosted glass sprays.
STAINED GLASS
The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches, mosques and other significant buildings. Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture.
Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term "stained glass" to include domestic leadlight and objets d'art created from came glasswork exemplified in the famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany.
As a material stained glass is glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture. The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame. Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design. The term stained glass is also applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln.
Stained glass, as an art and a craft, requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and the engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, and also, especially in the larger windows, must support its own weight. Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the late Middle Ages. In Western Europe they constitute the major form of pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light but rather to control it. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as 'illuminated wall decorations'.
The design of a window may be abstract or figurative; may incorporate narratives drawn from the Bible, history, or literature; may represent saints or patrons, or use symbolic motifs, in particular armorial. Windows within a building may be thematic, for example: within a church - episodes from the life of Christ; within a parliament building - shields of the constituencies; within a college hall - figures representing the arts and sciences; or within a home - flora, fauna, or landscape.
TOUGHNED GLASS
Toughened or tempered glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the inner surfaces into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks instead of splintering into jagged shards as plate glass (aka: annealed glass) creates. The granular chunks are less likely to cause injury.
The water rapidly cools the molten glass on the outside, while the inner portion of the glass remains significantly hotter. When the glass on the inside eventually cools, it contracts inside the already-solid outer part. This contraction sets up very large compressive stresses on the surface, while the core of the drop is in a state of tensile stress.
As a result of its safety and strength, toughened glass is used in a variety of demanding applications, including passenger vehicle windows, shower doors, architectural glass doors and tables, refrigerator trays, mobile screen protectors, as a component of bulletproof glass, for diving masks, and various types of plates and cookware.
Properties
Toughened glass of car rear window. Variations in glass stress are clearly seen when photographed through a polarizing filter (bottom picture).
Toughened glass is physically and thermally stronger than regular glass. The greater contraction of the inner layer during manufacturing induces compressive stresses in the surface of the glass balanced by tensile stresses in the body of the glass. For glass to be considered toughened, this compressive stress on the surface of the glass should be a minimum of 69 megapascals (10,000 psi). For it to be considered safety glass, the surface compressive stress should exceed 100 megapascals (15,000 psi). The greater the surface stress, the smaller the glass particles will be when broken.[citation needed]
It is this compressive stress that gives the toughened glass increased strength. This is because any surface flaws tend to be pressed closed by the retained compressive forces, while the core layer remains relatively free of the defects which could cause a crack to begin.
Any cutting or grinding must be done prior to tempering. Cutting, grinding, and sharp impacts after tempering will cause the glass to fracture.
The strain pattern resulting from tempering can be observed with polarized light or by using a pair of polarizing sun glasses.
Advantages
Tempered safety glass, which has been laminated, often does not fall out of its frame when it breaks - usually due to the anti-splinter film applied on the glass, as seen in this grocery store meat case.
The term "toughened glass" is generally used to describe fully tempered glass but is sometimes used to describe heat-strengthened glass as both types undergo a thermal "toughening" process.[citation needed]
There are two main types of heat-treated glass: heat-strengthened and fully tempered. Heat-strengthened glass is twice as strong as annealed glass while fully tempered glass has typically four to six times the strength of annealed glass and withstands heating in microwave ovens. The difference is the residual stress in the edge and glass surface. Fully tempered glass in the US is generally rated above 65 megapascals (9,400 psi) in pressure-resistance, while heat-strengthened glass is between 40 and 55 megapascals (5,800 and 8,000 psi).[citation needed]
The tempering process does not change the stiffness of the glass.[citation needed] Annealed glass undergoes a similar deflection compared to tempered glass under the same load, but tempered glass can take a higher load and, therefore, deflects further before breaking.
Disadvantages
Toughened glass must be cut to size or pressed to shape before toughening, and cannot be re-worked once toughened. Polishing the edges or drilling holes in the glass is carried out before the toughening process starts. Because of the balanced stresses in the glass, damage to any portion will eventually result in the glass shattering into thumbnail-sized pieces. The glass is most susceptible to breakage due to damage to the edge of the glass, where the tensile stress is the greatest, but shattering can also occur in the event of a hard impact in the middle of the glass pane or if the impact is concentrated (for example, striking the glass with a hardened point).
Using toughened glass can pose a security risk in some situations because of the tendency of the glass to shatter completely upon hard impact rather than leaving shards in the window frame.[6]
The surface of tempered glass does exhibit surface waves caused by contact with flattening rollers, if it has been formed using this process. This waviness is a significant problem in manufacturing of thin film solar cells.[7] The float glass process can be used to provide low-distortion sheets with very flat and parallel surfaces.
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